did sub saharan africa have a written languagedid sub saharan africa have a written language
In the new study, Skoglund and team, including colleagues from South Africa, Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya, coaxed DNA from the remains of 15 ancient sub-Saharan Africans. While the Nubian Kingdom itself begun around 2500BC as the Kingdom of Kerma, the oldest inscriptions are dated back to the 2, oyal communication and display. And to think that A Cherokee man who immigrated and adopted their culture could have contriuted also, is that not an amazing story of Black & Brown streghth and innovation in a worlf where both were being fought, oppressed and enslaved?? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Look at your aforementioned map. Kohan Killetz Segal "Just because It is part of Egypt, it doesn't mean it's Africa." This is simply not true, if it is, I'd love to see the evidence. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Perhaps the most famous African writing system is ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. Another Kanem chronicle was written in 1658 by a scholar named Muhammad Salih Ishaq. Nsibidi and most other written African languages are known to have developed outside Arab, or European influences. Map 2 (found below) shows languages that were introduced to Africa when Africa was colonized by European countries. African MythologyAfrican Mythology in ContextA vast continent, Africa is home to many cultures and a thousand or more languages. together with your life, than would it be honest to convey you are not If they all had developed written languages, it wouldn't have done much good to facilitate communication in the region. 1) East Africa and West Africa share the huge responsibility of inter-continental enslavement of Africans. For the first time the history of parts of the so called Dark Continent was written down. However, Sudan (which apparently had 2 different written languages) and the Horn of Africa are somewhat marginally sub-Saharan regions. The middle east, Judea/Israel, Assyria, Persia and so on were NEVER Africa. The script wasoccasionallyused ordinarilyinsettings such ascourt cases but it was mostlyreserved for secret societies like the Ekpe, in sacred rites and communication. For example, Istanbul is a part of Turkey, doesn't mean Istanbul is Asia. Wyrod, Christopher. You can go to your local store and get a map. The second oldest written language is Old Nubian, also belonging to the nilo-saharan language family - it was the civil and administrative language of the Christian Nubian Kingdoms of Nobadia, Makuria and Alodia between the 8th and 15th centuries. How do you summon no AI mobs in Minecraft? Africans have been writin so long ago, at least 200,000 years, we not even sure exactly when writin came ingo existence. The dominance of colonialism and European languages, taught that Africa had no written languages, that African civilization was inferior, less refined, amongst other things, until they, the Europeans arrived on our shores; this is far from the truth. Um Yes it is, at least it was before European invasion. A social orthography of identity: the Nko literacy movement in West Africa. Excluding Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs and the Geez script, a large part of the African continent would not have a means of writing or recording history until the common era. Works about statecraft and politics include those written by, ukkam (The light for Governors) in 1806 a widely read manuscript then, and . The other notable document is the Epitaph of Damianos, a deceased eparch of Nobadia also found at Qasr Ibrim. The indigenous scripts of West Africa and Surinam: their inspiration and design. The Transatlantic Slave trade not only distorted Africa's economic development it also distorted views of the history and importance of the African continent itself. Mdu NTR looks to be in use much longer than current evidence suggests, as the egyptologists say it came into use "whole cloth"between the so-called dynasties 1-3. Herodotus, Plato, Homer, Aristotle, and so on The Egyptian which the Greek renamed the land during Alexander the ungreat! Vincent Meadows https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethiopia, Shawn Mc I am not so sure if I understood Vlad, but I was under the impression that he denies the possibility of Africa and the middle east, ever having been connected by land. Often, the responsibility of recording historical information was consigned to professional historians, trusted individuals whose superior wisdom and training equipped them to remember and interpret vast stores of information for the benefit of the community. So far, the, amum palace archives these pictographic, were common forms of communication in parts of coast west and west-central Africa like the, yet despite evidence to the contrary, the myth of non-literate African societies persists. History you get from archeology and from studying many documents about a region, and comparing them all to kind of get a better picture of things. If he says he looks out the window and says the sky's a beautiful blue, it's probably green with a tornado brewing in the distance. Others studied astronomy like Nasir Al-Ghalawi whose famous manuscript written in 1733 Kashf al-Ghummah fi Nafa al-Ummah (The Important Stars Among the Multitude of the Heavens)is often prominently displayed among the manuscripts of Timbuktu. The second oldestistheWangara chronicle ofKano titled Asl al-Wangariyin about the history of the Wangara(Soninke)trading diaspora in theHausalands. . The recommendation is based on results from an ongoing pilot programme in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi that has reached more than 900 000 children since 2019. Many of the selections presented here are from the Niger-Congo family, which includes languages spoken by the majority of sub-Saharan Africans. The second oldest written language is Old Nubian, also belonging to the nilo-saharan language family it was the civil and administrative language of the Christian Nubian Kingdoms of Nobadia, Makuria and Alodia between the 8th and 15th centuries. View more posts. (not 800 B.C.). The Meroitic language and its writing system was used in Mero and the wider Kingdom of Kush (in modern day Sudan) during the Meroitic period. The claim is more than consistent with 19th century practices, so I don't find a 19th-century origin implausible at all. Here are 11 African writing systems you should know about to dispel the myth that Africans were illiterate people. Contrary to popular belief, civilizations existed before Europeans 'discovered' them *gasp*. Across sub-Saharan Africa, punitive policies, enforcement practices, and legal barriers to CSOs were associated with a higher HIV prevalence among MSM in this study. 2008. did sub saharan africa have a written language. Many attempts to classify them have been inadequate because of the great complexity of the languages and because of a confusion relating language, "race," and economy; for example, there was once a spurious view of pastoralism as related to . The fourth oldest was written by Sanhaja scholar Al-sadi titled Tarikh al-Sudan (Chronicle of the Sudan) in 1656. About Geez alphabets, it existed 5800 B.C. Which was my original point. The other notable document is the Epitaph of Damianos, a deceased eparch of Nobadia also found at Qasr Ibrim. needed to legitimise his claim on the throne. One of the best preserved of these is the 1.6m tall stela, BC detailing temple donations and military campaigns during his reign and a 2, AD funerary stela of the Lady Ataqelula a wealthy woman, one of many. The diversity of Africa's languages is evidenced by their populations. Is Forex trading on OctaFX legal in India? 1981. I'm not trying to claim that Vai is fake, by the way, but you DID ask "which is more plausible," after all, so clearly you needed an explanation of WHY the 1820s explanation is actually plausible. Ajami is the use of Arabic alphabet for writing down some African languages, especially those of Hausa and Swahili. I can't find anything to back up the claim that Vai is an ancient script. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. All African languages are considered official languages of the African Union : Map showing the distribution of African language families and some major African . And if you read the article it states the script was found throughout Egypt. What's more, the people who wrote the Inscriptions were Canaanites, not Egyptians. [citation needed]. READ: What type of success did John Wooden have throughout his . At several sites across sub-Saharan Africa science has not found evidence of domesticated . Sign up to receive The Atlanta Black Star Newsletter in your inbox. ' as for the (whole?) Similarly, there were diverse efforts (successful, but not standardized) to enable use of Ethiopic-Eritrean /Ge'ez on computers. Great articleloved it.. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. (2.2) Indian/Arabic numerals. . 2016. Additionally, the Proto-Sinaitic Wadi el-Hol inscriptions indicate the presence of an extremely early form of the script in central Egypt (near the modern city of Qena) in the early 2nd millennium BC. Classical Greek and Roman writers refer to all of Sudanic and Sub-Saharan Africa as 'Aethiopia', while the term 'Africa' originally referred only to the Maghreb region on the northwestern coast of the continent. While Vai may only be a few hundred years old I prefer theory that it comes from a more venerable language. Because Egypt historical has been apart of Africa (and still is ) Again I'm pretty sure maps only cost around 5 bucks. Dwayne Jackson I don't get what's wrong with reading and celebrating the actual history like from an encyclopedia or a book It is only in the last fifty years that it has been possible to redress this distortion and to begin to re-establish Africa's rightful place in world history. It was used from 300 BCE to 400 CE. However, the oldest known African writing systems are several centuries older. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. script with the oldest inscriptions dating back to between the 9th and 7th century BC, written in. I was hoping it was going to reveal something new and not more information on egypt and ethiopia. a blog post is a better source to you With anywhere between 1000 and 2000 languages, Africa is home to approximately one-third of the world's languages. It is another blow to the backwards African myth. There are no official standard forms or orthographies, though local usage follows traditional practice for the area or language. Why? The second oldest written language is Old Nubian, also belonging to the nilo-saharan language family it was the civil and administrative language of the Christian Nubian Kingdoms of Nobadia, Makuria and Alodia between the 8th and 15th centuries. Its written by the Soninke-Gonja scholar, Sidi Umar Suma in 1751. The colonization of Africa replaced a development of society and technology in African style with new societal organisation and new technology brought from Europe. Again READ what I said THEN create an Argument. This delta with its rich soils and regular rainfall supported the congregation of large communities that needed to register their agricultural production, taxes paid to the king and trade with neighboring groups. But if you look at the Vatican's wealth on a per capita basi We hear you. (LogOut/ Most Aethiopians in the Roman Empire likely came from East Africa through Egypt and Nubia but new evidence has also highlighted the role of trade and military interactions between West . In many cases, the colonial regimes had little interest in the writing of African languages, but in others they did. Similarly in the areas of the Romans and Greeks written language could flourish because the regular climate made it possible to produce food to support cities. Some are still in use today, while others have been largely displaced by non-African writing such as the Arabic script and the Latin script. It was written in 1651 by an anonymous author. The reasoning for this is outlined in the Constitution of South Africa: Sub Saharan Africa that includes Sudan, Chad, southern Egypt, northern Tanzania and parts of Nigeria, DR Congo and the Niger River. There was an effort by ISESCO to standardize Ajami usage. Diseases in animal husbandry did not appear with the Colonial invasion of Africa, it existed long before and was well manged by African herdsman. well into the interior of the Nile, which at the time was probably much more populace and diverse given the size of green Sahara which began to change into more of a desert it is today. I know a woman from Zambia that told me there are something like over 80 different indigenous languages spoken in that country. Map 2: Colonial Languages. Majority of Adinkra Nkyea is deprived from the original Adinkra Symbols. Both had been inspired by a similar now-lost chronicle written by another Bornuese scholar. Yes, the word Utopia is driven out from Ethiopia! The fifth literary culturewasthe independently invented Nsibidi, an ancient system of writingfoundamong anumber of south eastNigerian ethnic groups and secret societies. The Bantu languages of Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa form a sub-group of the Niger Congo branch. The inscriptions are written in the obscure 'Meroitic . Ramira August 18, 2017, 9:48pm #5. The legacy of the medieval empires and nineteenth century reform movements continues to have relevance in present day Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, as well as many neighboring communities. Assyrians, Babylonians, Elamites, Hebrews were not Sub Saharan Africans. The chronicle covers the Songhay empire and parts of the Mali and Ghana empires. The individuals came from a . And When did I say Assyrians, Babylonians, Elamites, and Hebrews Were Africans? It is a member of the Bantu/Nguni family of languages, and is spoken mainly in eastern South Africa. The primary evidence for this expansion has been linguistic, namely that the languages spoken in sub-Equatorial Africa are remarkably similar to each other. in its society is attested to by such transactions). Competing scripts: the introduction of the Roman alphabet in Africa. The myth was to address my original point which the Greeks didn't have much of an understand of the various areas and the peoples. Pasch, Helma. "However, evidence of its antiquity comes from inscriptions from Goundaka, Mali, that date to 3000 B.C." No products in the cart. sport in practice and competition, but you are lacking employing this attitude Vlad Donciu I just wrote about two different empirical forces that extended beyond modern continental Africa? Really look at this if youll -if you are doing whatever is necessary together with your The third oldest script is Meroitic, a nilo-saharan language. Nevertheless, for some reason it was not sufficient for the development of a written language. Part of the reason is also that Northern and Central Saharan cultures were strongly biased towards sub-Saharan cultures, treating them often as animals and turning them into slaves (there is extensive ancient poetry from the Central Sahara . The so-called Greek Philosophers were made a clear writing about Ethiopia. It seems as if a written language did not develop in Sub-Saharan Africa because of the harsh climatic conditions making it difficult for supporting cities with sufficient food production over extended periods. AFAIK, there never was an sub-Saharan African equivalent of the Roman empire. 2008. It was edited in 1764 and widely circulated in Gonja (modern northern-Ghana) including handwritten copies such as traditions spread to the non-muslim Asante Kingdom whose King Osei tutu Kwame commissioned the now-lost History of Asante. 5, p 87 The oldest inscriptions appear about 3 centuries after these kingdoms were founded from the . A) a form of a language used for official government business. Something else. Arabic script is mainly used in North Africa and Ge'ez script is widely used in the Horn of Africa. Writing Tuareg the three script options. TheSoninke were by then a large trading diasporathought inWest-Africa, originating fromthe ancientGhana. 1: 2014, Angelika Jakobi, Giovanni Ruffini, Vincent W.J. The third oldest were the Kanem-Bornu chronicles written by Ahmad furtuwami (Ibn Furtu) a Kanuri scholar about the history of the empire and Mai Alamwas wars of expansion; Ghazawat Barnu (The Book of the Bornu Wars) was written in 1576 and Ghazawat Kanei (The Book of the Kanem Wars) was written in 1578. Which makes no sense. For starter, we have to know which script did the European colonists. The Library has many accounts of these historic encounters in the original languages -- Chinese, Arabic, and others -- of the observers as well as in various translations. It was the civil and administrative language of the Kingdom of Kush, then centred at Meroe after the 4th century BC. Overall, there are over 100 languages in the Nilo-Saharan group, which covers an area of . It is sometimes called Ethiopic, and is known in Eritrea and Ethiopia as the fidel or abugida. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is among the regions with the lowest rates of electrification and access to clean cooking solutions compared to other parts of the world [7, 8]. what about the story with the whale ? Part 3: A brief history of the Islamic Empires of Kanem-Bornu and Hausa-Fulani Land., How Islam spread into sub-Saharan region of West Africa, and the great civilizations it established there, taking its inhabitants out of . did sub saharan africa have a written language. Contribute to Atlanta Black Star today and help us share our narratives. - (48), 37-71. Knowledge of Sub-Saharan Africa refugee situations required. In the 1960s and 1970s, UNESCO facilitated several "expert meetings" on the subject, including a seminal meeting in Bamako in 1966, and one in Niamey in 1978. ian Kingdoms (it also marks the time when, re religious) including several legal documents, financial accounts, private letters, theological commentary and, The most notable secular manuscripts from this era are the land sales in the Kingdom of Makuria especially around Qasr Ibrim one of its provincial cities. Relations between southern Arabia and the northern Horn of Africa during the last millennium BC, Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity. attash (chronicle of the researcher) in 1519. In ISO 15924, the code Tfng is assigned to Neo-Tifinagh. Shawn Mc The bible is the worst pseudo historical resource you can ever use. Recent exposed findings on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean will surly bring more info on the history of writing to the light. The, nkwanshi stone sculpture (currently at the New Orleans Museum of Art). Invention of scripts in West Africa for ethnic revitalization. VAT Increase Hits Poor The Hardest. Featured within this method is Vitamin B6 that Theres an almost century-long gap between Richmond Palmers translation of West Africas manuscripts to John Hunwicks groundbreaking Timbuktu and theSonghayEmpire that was written primarily using Al-Sadis Tarikh al-sudan. Some regions had more than one European country that claimed them at various points in . It was written in 1651 by an, oninke were by then a large trading diaspora. I'm not at all an expert, but how is "a white main claims ___" implausible? Both had been inspired by a similar now-lost chronicle written by another Bornuese scholar, Masfarma Umar Uthman before 1519. 11 Ancient African Writing Systems That Demolish the Myth That Black People Were Illiterate, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus#mediaviewer/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg, http://www.philip-effiong.com/Nsibidi.pdf, 11 Ancient African Writing Systems You Should Know, You Have To See These Ancient African Writing Systems That Have Survived Hundred of Years of European Occupation and Destruction. Meroitic writing is the oldest-known written language of sub-Saharan Africa. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". It was later widely used in the Kingdom with Ezanas epigraphsandtheHawulti obelisk being one of the oldest inscriptions of the Geez script before the 4thcentury. Local languages without a written history are usually the first to be lost as globalization affects the realm. Adinkra Nkyea contains some 39 characters, 10 numerals, and 3 punctuation marks. doing whatever is important (W. Atlanta Black Star is a narrative company. I've driven deep into the Sahara in Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Libya, Sudan (through all of Darfur). In fact, says Fallou Ngom, who grew up in Senegal, people in sub-Saharan Africa have used a written system derived from Arabic to record the details of their daily lives since at least the 10th century. The Truth must be told without any fear or favor! An engraving on a Meroitic temple taken in 2013, not part of the current archaeological dig in Sudan. Recent exposed findings on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean will surly bring more info on the history of writing to the light. by Lilian Lem Atanga ; Sibonile Edith Ellece ; Lia Litosseliti ; Jane Sunderland. D) the written form of a language. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The trans-Saharan trade was an important gateway for the spread of Islam in Africa. Swahili poets includePate resident Bwana Mwengo Athmani who in 1728 wrote Utendi wa Tambuka (The Story of Tambuka). One standard ISO 6438 for bibliographic purposes was adopted but apparently little used (curiously, although this was adopted at about the same time as the African reference alphabet, there were some differences between the two, indicating perhaps a lack of communication between efforts to harmonize transcription of African languages and the ISO standards process). Bwire Vincent the stories of the bible are factual to you ? was neither of royal blood nor ethnically Songhay, but likely Malinke. There were apparently some typewriters fitted with keys for typing Nigerian languages. By contrast, continental Europes oldest writing, Greek, was not fully in use untilroughly 1400 B.C. White people called Africa the Dark Continent because they wanted to legitimize the enslavement of Black people and exploitation of Africa's resources. It was often written on private funerary inscriptions (constituting over half of the recovered texts), temple walls, ostraca, wood and papyrus.The creation of Meroitic literacy was motivated by the necessity of an easily accessible monumental royal communication and display. Colonialism broadly refers to the control of a territory by another group and colonial policies varied across Africa. With early desktop computers it was possible to modify existing 8-bit Latin fonts to accommodate specialized character needs. Its history refutes the oft-prevailing claims that Africa lacks written traditions. Europeans to justify their subjugation of Africa and her people. The other factor are the European armies that destroyed the libraries that held these manuscripts starting with the Portuguese in Kilwa and the Swahili coast, the French in Segu and the British in Asante. on medicine was written by Masalih al-Insan al-Mutaalliqa bil Adyan wal Abdan (An important consideration of man relating to religion and health) was written by Abdullahi dan Fodio in 1809 and many other examples not listed due to limited space. 1968. That includes a large amount of countries and they would each have their own official languages. Neither Assyrians or Persians or any other ancient African tribe ever ruled Babylon, the people of the region were Semitic, Hurrian, Indo-Iranian with language isolate groups like the Sumerians and Elamites existing too. However, although the wheel was known in sub . what zodiac sign is janet from the good place; sam's club cake catalog; forrest county busted newspaper; east greenwich nj public works; . They contributed greatly to West-Africas literary culture. Nsibidi (also known as "nsibiri",[1] "nchibiddi", and "nchibiddy"[2]) is a system of symbols indigenous to what is now southeastern Nigeria that is apparently an ideographic script, though there have been suggestions that it includes logographic elements. gathering appoximately 140 languages with some eleven millions speakers scattered in Central and Eastern Africa. These however were isolated, done by people without linguistic training, and sometimes resulted in competing systems for the same or similar languages. sciences, mathematics, medicine, statecraft, poetry, and religion. Competing Views on Multilingualism. Hangul (Korean) is another example, though it's older than the Elvish systems, but as a writing system, it only dates back to the 15th century CE and was deliberately created. 637 Intonation in African tone languages / Ed . It was the civil and administrative language of the Kingdom of Kush, then centred at Meroe after the 4th century BC. Unfortunately these technological skills in cattle farming were not documented, but much archaeological evidence exist to show these developments. In 2016-17, 25% of foreign students studying at French universities came from North Africa, and 22% from sub-Saharan Africa. Most languages natively spoken in Africa belong to one of the two large language families that dominate the continent: Afroasiatic, or Niger-Congo.Another hundred belong to smaller families such as Ubangian, Nilotic, Saharan, and the various families previously grouped under the umbrella term Khoisan.In addition, the languages of Africa include several unclassified languages and sign languages. Change). Vincent Meadows Nonsense. the land was used to be called Misir (is a Geez word meaning lentils), or Kemit (Geez word meaning Kam, father of Cusi). His spokesman, Walid El Hajjam, didn't reply to written questions about the violence against sub-Saharan African migrants and how authorities intend to stop it.Burkina Faso and Mali invited their nationals to register for repatriation flights while hundreds of Ivorian expatriates sought refuge at their country's embassy.Saied has added . Southeast Nigeria was the only fully sub-Saharan region to have invented its own writing system. Do we have to inject myth and conspiracy into ALL of our history? The World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending widespread use of the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) malaria vaccine among children in sub-Saharan Africa and in other regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission. The third oldest were the Kanem-Bornu chronicles written by Ahmad furtuwami (Ibn Furtu) a Kanuri scholar about the history of the empire and Mai Alamwas wars of expansion; Ghazawat Barnu (The Book of the Bornu Wars) was written in 1576 and Ghazawat Kanei (The Book of the Kanem Wars) was written in 1578. The Meroitic Language and Writing System, Recent Research on Meroitic, the Ancient Language of Sudan, Ancient Nubia (present-day Sudan): In the footsteps of the Napata and Meroe kingdoms, Multilingualism in Christian Nubia: A case study of the monastery of Ghazali, Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History, THE OLD NUBIAN EPARCHAL ARCHIVE FROM QASR IBRIM RECONSIDERED*, Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies: Vol. Vincent Meadows Amharic script bears a resemblance to the writing system of ancient Saba, it may have been influenced by it in fact. Today, the Latin script is commonly encountered across Africa, especially in the Western, Central and Southern Africa regions. The Carthaginian dialect is called Punic. There are reliable sources on these things It would HARDLY be the first Victorian fakery. (clay texts found at Jemdet Nasr). Question 1: How this came about and who did introduce the Roman script and Indian numerals to Africa? By the end of the fifteenth century, Europeans had begun arriving in the region, wanting to acquire resources such as gold, copper, and rubber. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Unseth, Peter. [7][8] According to Kwame Anthony Appiah, they were one of the means for "supporting the transmission of a complex and nuanced body of practice and belief". Vincent Meadows Cool, so we have some obscure quotes from Greek myths, myth is the worst thing to ever base your knowledge of history on. The first systematic attempts to adapt the Latin script to African languages were probably those of Christian missionaries on the eve of European colonization (Pasch 2008). This page was last edited on 3 February 2023, at 00:25. They bring with them entirely different linguistic backgrounds that . Vlad Donciu No, many Greek writers considered present day middle east "Ethiopia" a term meaning people with burnt faced skinned. Its written by the Soninke-Gonja scholar, Sidi Umar Suma in 1751. Documented reference begins with J. K. Macgregor in 1909, the primary medium, seems to have been textiles. igerian ethnic groups and secret societies. However, Africa's oldest known writing system is over 6,000 years old. If we're talking about Egypt, Nubia and then somewhat later on Ethiopia, then no, these places had alphabets. You are here: Home. The writing systems of Africa refer to the current and historical practice of writing systems on the African continent, both indigenous and those introduced. Despite a vigorous push, the developing countries represented at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conferencewhich included three sub-Saharan Africa countries (Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa)failed to have their development financing needs explicitly referenced in the Articles of Agreement (though they did manage to have "the development of .
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did sub saharan africa have a written language