sulla primary sourcessulla primary sources
In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. The Roman military and political leader Sulla "Felix" (138-78 B.C.E.) [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. The type of source you look for will depend on the stage you are at in the writing process. His execution in AD 62 on the orders of emperor Nero made him the last of the Cornelii Sullae. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. [58] At the start of the war, there were largely two theatres: a northern theatre from Picenum to the Fucine Lake and a southern theatre including Samnium. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Resigning his dictatorship in 79 BC, Sulla retired to private life and died the following year. Sulla immediately proscribed 80 persons without communicating with any magistrate. to the Birth of the Roman Empire (1969). [13][14][15] Sulla's family thereafter did not reach the highest offices of the state until Sulla himself. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. The law was vetoed by one of the tribunes, but when Quintus Pompeius Rufus went to Pompey Strabo's army to take command under the Senate's authority, he was promptly assassinated after his arrival and assumption of command, almost certainly on Strabo's orders. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. He had one child from this union, before his first wife's death. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). [91], During close of the Social War, in 89BC, Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus invaded Roman Asia. The collection currently contains . Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. Skilfully withdrawing to Clusium, he delegated to Norbanus command of troops to hold Metellus Pius. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. Editor: Paul Halsall. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. However, this material may be located in a number of places including in the library, elsewhere on campus, or even online. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. Primary sources are often in manuscript collections and archival records. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. [citation needed], The second law concerned the sponsio, which was the sum in dispute in cases of debt, and usually had to be lodged with the praetor before the case was heard. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. be determined. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. Sulla, meanwhile, had to allow matters to unfold beyond his control. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Biography Roman military commander and dictator of the Roman republic (81-80 BC). [131] The purge went on for several months. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. [112] However, this and Sulla's delay in Asia are "not enough to absolve him of the charge of being more concerned with revenge on opponents in Italy than with Mithridates". 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. [24] Keaveney 2005, pp. Sulla's career is recounted in detail in Howard Hayes Scullard, From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. Secondary sources are a step removed from primary sources. Roman military leaders. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship. [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. Biographies of historical and famous people. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. [93] News of these conquests reached Rome in the autumn of 89BC, leading the Senate and people to declare war; actual preparations for war were, however, delayed: after Sulla was given the command, it took him some eighteen months to organise five legions before setting off; Rome was also severely strained financially. After another attempt to relieve Praeneste failed, Carbo lost his nerve and attempted to retreat to Africa; his lieutenants attempted again to relieve Praeneste but after that again failed, marched on Rome to force Sulla from his well-defended positions. Gnaeus Carbo attempted to lift the Siege of Praeneste but failed and fled to Africa. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. Continuing towards Scipio's position at Teanum Sidicinum, Sulla negotiated and was almost able to convince Scipio to defect. Washington, DC, March 19, 2013 - The U.S. invasion of Iraq turned out to be a textbook case of flawed assumptions, wrong-headed intelligence, propaganda manipulation, and administrative ad hockery, according to the National Security Archive's briefing book of declassified documents posted today to mark the 10 th anniversary of the war. If Plutarch's text is to be amended to "Julia", then she is likely to have been one of the Julias related to Julius Caesar, most likely. Published by at 29, 2022. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. Cornelius Lucius Sulla; Lucius Cornelius Cinna (elder) Marcus Licinius Crassus; Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus) Julius Caesar; Marcus . Sulla then increased the number of magistrates elected in any given year, and required that all newly elected quaestores gain automatic membership in the Senate. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. When it came to hiding his intentions, his mind was incredibly unfathomable, yet with all else he was extremely generous; especially with money. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. For instance, Da Vinci's Mona Lisa is a primary source because it is the most famous art piece during the Renaissance period. Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. [81.3] Magnesia, the only city in Asia that remained loyal, was defended against Mithridates with the greatest courage. [37], Starting in 104BC, Marius moved to reform the defeated Roman armies in southern Gaul. This led him to a secret deal with Marius, who had for years been coveting another military command, in which Marius would support Sulpicius' Italian legislation in exchange for a law transferring Sulla's command to Marius. Faced with mobilizing a sufficient fighting force, Congress passed the Selective Service Act on May 18, 1917. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. Pueblo, CO 81001. Marius was elected consul and, through assignment by tribunician legislation, took over the campaign. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. [59], In the first year of fighting, Roman strategy was largely one of containment, attempting to stop the revolting allies from spreading their rebellion into Roman-controlled territory. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. Works of art, in general, are considered primary sources. Wikipedia entry. He was devoted to pleasure but more devoted to glory. Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust) was born Amiternum in the country of the Sabines in 86 BC. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. Regardless, if he had immediate plans for a consulship, they were forced into the background at the outbreak of war. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. Research Process and Acumen: Experience with primary sources can support future academic success. While Sulla's laws such as those concerning qualification for admittance to the Senate, reform of the legal system and regulations of governorships remained on Rome's statutes long into the principate, much of his legislation was repealed less than a decade after his death. He can hardly have been in any doubt. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. [104], After the Battle of Chaeronea, Sulla learnt that Cinna's government had sent Lucius Valerius Flaccus to take over his command. The next year, 96BC, he assigned "probably pro consule as was customary" to Cilicia in Asia Minor. [33] Winning Bocchus' friendship and making plain Rome's demands for Jugurtha's deliverance, Sulla successfully concluded negotiations and secured Bocchus' capture of Jugurtha and the king's rendition to Marius' camp. The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in early summer around the same time the Athenian acropolis was taken. He then revived the office of dictator, which had been inactive since the Second Punic War, over a century before. Making of America. Although he was able to regain the command, his political setup in Rome collapsed almost as soon as he left Italy, and the war would . If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. To do so would mean total humiliation at the hands of his opponents, the end of his political career, and perhaps even further danger to his life. Due to his meeting the minimum age requirement of thirty, he stood for the quaestorship in 108BC. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix[8] (/sl/; 13878 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.
sulla primary sources