empathy skills in social work

Sympathy involves actually being affected by the … Rather, in an online environment students do not interact interpersonally and are only seen two dimensionally on a screen. Interview participants discussed the multiple ways they had learned to be empathic and the realization that continual growth occurred as they became more knowledgeable and comfortable with social work skills. With online education becoming more popular, this is an important aspect of empathic connection that will need to be further explored. The expectation was that second year students, non-Hispanic, and males will show lower levels of cognitive empathy. Greenson RR (1960) Empathy and its vicissitudes. Here, it is easier to be empathetic to the veteran population versus other populations. Cognitive Empathy Statistical Results (N=306). Ideally, your employees can learn skills in empathy from you, thereby helping them to become more effective leaders, managers and supervisors themselves. WW Norton & Company. Kohut H (1984) How Does Analysis Cure? Copyright 2011 Gale, Cengage Learning. This work explored cognitive and affective empathy among a diverse group of social work graduate students at one university. 39, No. For the teacher, this body of knowledge opens up the possibilities of growth and dramatic learning opportunities. A recent study of social work students in pursuit of a Master’s degree demonstrated that many students are not inherently empathic, in some cases due to exposure of trauma themselves or lack of mirroring from primary care givers (Collins, 2013). The purpose of this research was to develop and initially validate a measure, the Empathy Scale for Social Workers (ESSW) to assess empathy among social work practitioners (see Appendix A).It is intended to extend social work research further into the empirical study of one of the essential process skills used by social workers. They were given four weeks to complete the survey, receiving weekly reminders. Empathizing is both an intellectual and emotional process that makes it far easier to understand and help others solve their problems. Published: June 02, 2016. The QCAE is 31-item parametric scale rated on a 4-point Likert scale with the response options: "strongly agree," "slightly agree," "slightly disagree," and "strongly disagree." These responses reminded us that social work students do not feel inherent empathy and highlighted the need to understand how social work education can better model empathic behaviors for those who had not had them modeled. This suggests that cognitive engagement in academia, and affective learning through field work, can positively enhance the sense of empathic ability in an empathically-challenged student. Barker (2003), in the Social Work Dictionary, defined empathy as "the act of perceiving, understanding, experiencing, and responding to the emotional state and ideas of another person" (p. 141). The qualitative interview questions were designed to assess if participants felt that social work education could help them be more empathic in their personal and professional lives. Indeed, the Social Work Dictionary defines empathy as "the act of perceiving, understanding, experiencing, and responding to the emotional state and ideas of another person" (Barker, 2003). They discussed how empathy is an ongoing learning process and through empathic role models (such as caregivers and professors) as well as classroom learning, have shaped their sense of how they connect to others experiencing life circumstances that are different than their own. Thus, professors are, at times, charged with “turning the tide” by enhancing both cognitive and affective empathy among future clinicians. Given the centrality of empathy in clinical social work practice, teaching students about empathy and assisting them in acquiring the skills related to using it in the therapeutic relationship are important components of professional training. (2020). Their results showcase how empathy is present in the gray matter of our brains, not the organs of the brain, and therefore may have the ability to be influenced and shaped over time. Barker RL (2003) The Social Work Dictionary (6th ed.). Many individuals who seek services by social workers are homeless, traumatized, physically impaired and or psychologically compromised. In the profession of social work, empathy is a skill that can assist the worker understanding client’s situation. Additionally, Table 4 shows Independent T-Test Results on Gender (Male v. Female) and Academic Center (Traditional Classroom Teaching v. Online) verifying statistical significance between these values. This research study provides hope that individuals who enter school with low levels of empathy can still graduate with strong empathy skills which is a key component in the therapeutic relationship. The remaining 12 items in the QCAE were used to assess affective empathy and three subscales: Emotion contagion (item numbers 8, 9, 13, 14; alpha = .79), proximal responsivity (item numbers 7, 10, 12, 23; alpha = .74), and peripheral responsivity (item numbers 2 (r), 11, 17 (r), 29 (r); alpha = .83). Table 1. Through coding and analysis, the following three themes emerged from the student interviews: 1) personal experiences of empathy; 2) empathic challenges; and 3) empathy as an ongoing learning process. [25] found that Latino students appeared to have more social empathy, particularly around helping others succeed, as compared to Caucasian students. This exploratory research used an embedded mixed methods approach (Creswell & Plano-Clark, 2011) exploring empathy learning and levels through a pre-post survey and individual interviews. Whether it is due to genetics or to differences in upbringing, a consistent finding in the literature is that gender has bearing on empathy when measured in academic settings. Additional data are acquired using theoretical sampling until the existing categories are ‘saturated’ and until no more new conceptual categories or relations emerge” (p. 362). Tasha Rube is a Licensed Social Worker based in Kansas City, Kansas. The research aim was to compare responses of first and second year students at the end of their second or fourth semester of social work graduate program. Female students in medicine [9-13], pharmacy [14], nursing [15-17], dentistry, veterinary [18], and law [19] were found to have higher levels of empathy than their male colleagues. I think I used to be a more empathetic person. Modeling of empathy was referred to as a critical component of developing empathy. To relate this to the quantitative survey findings, it appears that the participants used their cognitive understanding of an event to help with the affective attunement to the client. The data were first analyzed through a careful reading of the material and by noting the important subjective descriptions of each participant’s experience. I think that my military experience has colored my empathy quite a bit, especially my combat experience. Additionally, the overall themes that arose from the interviews illustrate that while students are able to demonstrate empathy, they also face ongoing challenges with empathy. Measures: Students completed the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE), a " measure of a comprehension of other people's experience (cognitive empathy) as well as the ability to vicariously experience the emotional experience of others (affective empathy) [26]. Particpants' Demographics (N=306), Table 2. The results showed that the students reported the same empathy levels except for one area: emotion contagion. NASW's Encyclopedia of Social Work (Mizrahi & Davis, 2008) contains no entry for "empathy"—a glaring omission that illustrates the generally narrow and haphazard consideration of empathy in the social work literature (Freedberg, 2007; Raines, 1990). Because there’s times where I didn’t really get that…It would have been helpful and made a lot of things easier, so I think to see that need, that’s what motivates me to be empathetic towards other people; because I didn’t really get that enough until I was older. Table 3 shows results related to affective empathy. Empathy helps us to communicate our ideas in a way that makes sense to others, and it helps us understand others when they communicate with us. The results are discussed below. Each of the three themes has direct pedagogical implications which will be expanded upon in the discussion section of this paper. This connection is essential, and it is perceived as a key competence in social work practice. Social work educators need to focus less on the on traditional teaching (i.e., aligned with ideas of conventional professionalism that draw a very clear line between the teacher and the students) and more about teaching through relationships. Ten percent of the participating pool of students surveyed (n=32) were randomly selected (using a systemic random sampling technique) to participate in a semi-structured interview on the phone. Students remembered times when they fell off a bike or failed an exam and how the empathic reactions of their caregivers positively influenced their sense of self. I think we all grow up thinking everybody knows this sort of black and white, right and wrong, and I’ve really learned through school and internship that that’s not necessarily so. Professors and Field Instructors need to get to know the students' learning styles and where they are in terms of their knowledge, abilities, and potential. Another benefit of empathy studies is that children who learn to be empathetic will naturally behave with less aggression. Dedoose online software was used to code answers and identify patterns among responses. Her [the participant’s client in internship] situation just sucks and so I’m very empathic to that because I’ve been in hopeless situations before, so… I’ve been able to connect a little bit more over that, which then has allowed me to be more empathetic. Providing cutting-edge scholarly communications to worldwide, enabling them to utilize available resources effectively. Similarly, results of a study at Jefferson Medical College indicated that empathy scores of students substantially declined after the third year of medical school and continued to decline through graduation [22]. Decline in empathy scores were attributed to lack of role models, high volume of learning material, time pressure, and the overreliance on computer-based diagnostic technology [22]. Next, the researchers attempted to find commonalities among the narratives and developed categories to describe those similarities. Further, their experiences showcased the varied ways in which  they learn empathy, both in and outside the classroom. In other words, if the student could understand why the client found their problem so disturbing, they could more easily empathize. Specifically, how can MSW faculty facilitate a shift in the empathic responses of the students who struggle connecting both cognitively and affectively? [27] used the QCAE and an MRI to examine how gray matter in the brain influences cognitive and affective empathy. We must continue to find ways to reach out to these students and empower them with the empathic tools necessary for success in the social work field. Empathy, by contrast, is about experiencing those feelings for yourself, as if you were that person, through the power of imagination. Robert D. Friedberg Both female and male empathy declined across all specialties of medicine in comparison to their initial levels of empathy. Nunes P, Williams S, Sa B, Stevenson K (2011) A study of empathy decline in students from five health disciplines during their first year of training. Advanced knowledge sharing through global community…, School of Social Work, University of Southern California, USA. Trying to anticipate what an interviewer might ask is natural, but a more useful tactic is to use empathy during the interview to create … Social work practitioners can and should learn about emerging research on empathy and use that information to better serve their client populations. Professors and Field Instructors modeling empathy to students is critical. Can a professor and/or Field Instructor take the role of secondary attachment figure and influence a social work student’s empathy in both cognitive and affective learning? All rights reserved. Despite the empathic role models discussed above, many interview participants discussed their struggles with empathy. One example of this is. Rather, they are charged with evaluating the students and are in a position of power. Therefore it is expected and assumed that the mental health practitioner possesses the ability to be empathetic and that s/he is capable of providing empathetic social work services to clients who are exp… The interest of this study is specifically based on measuring the level of empathy among social work students due to the population social workers serve. Interview participants referred to the need to relate to an experience in order to have empathy for another person. Schore AN (2012) The Science of the Art of Psychotherapy (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). When considering mirror neurons from a pedagogical neurobiological framework, the question arises if a web based camera (“webcam”) can provide the necessary visual input to trigger mirror neurons to create empathic attunement and engagement? Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, et al. So he took me out of class and said, “I noticed you are acting a lot differently than you normally do and I just want to see if everything is okay”. These findings support prior literature that found women to be more empathic than men in most career health fields. Williams B, Boyle M, Brightwell R, Devenish S, Hartley P, et al. (2013) Level of empathy among medical students in Kuwait University, Kuwait. . Another participant expressed this idea a bit differently stating,  I think what brought that student-professor relationship closer was when I was having personal issues, in my personal life, he noted that I was not myself in class. Further, social work education may buffer the empathy fatigue that burdens other health-related graduate education. She received her Masters of Social Work (MSW) from the University of Missouri in 2014. The cognitive dissonance was shown through the students self-reports of not being able to understand the emotional responses of their clients, and because they lacked the cognitive understanding of their clients’ needs. https://onlineprograms.ollusa.edu/msw/resources/social-worker-skills See our pages on Compassion and Sympathy for more. The respondents described how their cognitive dissonance interfered with helping their clients. Barker's definition is an abbreviated summary of the numerous definitions that have been put forward by influential thinkers over the past 90 years. This finding was contrary to the literature which suggests that more macro fields with less direct patient contact might hinder the empathic development and Hispanic/Latino students may have more empathic responses than other groups. Special classes about increasing emphatic skills must be opened in social Marmara University, Received: January 04, 2015 Interviewees had the opportunity to elaborate on personal and professional views and perceptions of empathy. I think are, at least some of them are in line with some of the same struggles I have. sketchy. Further, the responses also highlighted the cognitive versus affective empathy explored quantitatively. This phenomenon supports Heinz Kohut's theory of affect mirroring as an essential part of empathy and in healing trauma in a therapeutic dyad. Modern day attachment theory asserts that empathy is a result of attachment security, showing how early childhood experiences are essential building blocks to empathic ability in the adult [28]. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. The concept of empathy as an essential component for the therapeutic relationship; the psychological healing process, has been discussed since the seminal works of Ralph Greenson [1], David Beres and Jacob A. Arlow [2], Rogers [3] and Heinz Kohut [4]. Empathy is at the core of the provider-consumer relationship in social work; without it, successful outcomes for psychological treatment are unlikely (APA Presidential Task Force, 2005). Unfortunately, many cities have areas and neighborhoods that are plagued by racial tensions, cl… …I would say some of the veterans. Another neurobiological consideration in this research is how the present study found that ‘emotion contagion’ was significantly less in online students than in traditional classroom students. According to The Social Work Dictionary (Barker, 2003), empathy can be defined as “the act of perceiving, understanding, experiencing, and responding to the emotional state and ideas of another person.”. Grounded theory methodology (Glaser & Strauss, 2012) was used to explore participants’ insights into how they developed empathy. This finding is hopeful, but more research is needed to more clearly understand whether it is the discipline or other factors that may be protective. Though not conclusive, the research supports further exploration of how a social worker’s early childhood experiences can impact their empathic ability with their clients. However, women’s scores in the Affective Empathy scale were significantly higher than those of men. The qualitative grounded theory exploration was designed to understand the pedagogical phenomenon of how social work students learn, and have learned, empathy in their lives. Bellini LM, Baime M, Shea JA (2002) Variation of mood and empathy during internship. All rights reserved. (2009) The devil is in the third year: A longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Van Winkle LJ, Fjortoft N, Hojat M (2012) Impact of a workshop about aging on the empathy scores of pharmacy and medical students. Another consideration could be the nature of online learning attracts the person who may struggle with affective attunement in the first place, thus the online education program reinforces the students already-refined strategy of affectual dis-engagement. Though this issue of teaching cultural empathy to social work students is documented in the literature, there lacks a sufficient exploration of specific teaching strategies. Ouzouni C, Nakakis K (2012) An exploratory study of student nurses' empathy. They also referenced their unique characteristics and enhanced or hindered their empathic growth, such as being in a warzone or having loving parents. Wilson SE, Prescott J, Becket G (2012) Empathy levels in first-and third-year students in health and non-health disciplines. . Affective Empathy Statistical Results (N=306), Items 2, 14, 29 are reversed Findings suggest very little variance in cognitive empathy among variables tested. Social Work Education: Vol. Of particular interest to the authors of this study is the pedagogical implications of teaching empathy to the less empathic student. Hasan S, Al-Sharqawi N, Dashti F, AbdulAziz M, Abdullah A, et al. The limitations of the study included selection bias and time. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226006147.001.0001. While a few studies have found that male students have higher levels of empathy than their female counterparts [6-8], the vast majority of studies have noted the opposite. That was a good example of being that attuned to someone. The team had regular meetings to discuss thematic concepts identified and initially read the first 5 interviews together to create similar coding categories. Interview participants' responses were recorded and transcribed. Other reasons suggested include that women are interpersonally oriented and provide more emotional support [16], and that women tend to rely on more regions in the brain that relate to emotion [15]. From the quantitative responses, there were no statistical differences between first year and second year students’ empathy levels. Based on the literature, the following five hypotheses were created to explore the survey data: H1: Female students will show more empathy than male students as measured by the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE). Though women scored higher on cognitive empathy scores, the differences were not statistically significant. Proposed explanations for the higher levels of empathy found among female students include  that women are (1) biologically predisposed to have higher levels of empathy and (2) that specialties that require patient contact attract more nurturing individuals, such as females with higher levels of empathy [20]. Teaching through relationships is a progressive teaching technique that posits teachers who have knowledge about their students will be better able to teach them. Austin EJ, Evans P, Magnus B, O'Hanlon K (2007) A preliminary study of empathy, emotional intelligence and examination performance in MBChB students. It's one of the five key components of emotional intelligence, and it helps to build trust and strengthen relationships. Since coming home from that, I have found it extremely, extremely difficult to connect with human suffering on the level of day-to-day systemic interactions. Though ‘cognitive empathy’ was not discussed specifically with the student interviews, many showcased the idea of how school can impact their view of themselves and their social world. This was seen as an “acculturation issue of the dominant (Caucasian) majority being less tolerant of those who are different than themselves” (p. 451). Rogers C (1975) Empathic: An Unappreciated Way of Being. We hypothesized that female students would show more empathy (as measured by the QCAE) than male students. ©2015 Zaleski k. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Social work practitioners can and should learn about emerging research on empathy and use that information to better serve their client populations. 1.1 Aim The aim of this thesis is to investigate how a sample of Swedish social workers reflect on empathy and on how empathy may be used within social work practice in Sweden. Of the thirty-two interviewees, fifteen were traditional on-the-ground classroom students and seventeen were students enrolled in the online academic program. In the Social Work dictionary, empathy is defined as “the act of perceiving, understanding, experiencing and responding to the emotional state and ideas of another person” [5]. Race/Ethnicity breakdown is as follows: Caucasian (16), Hispanic (8), African American (4), and Asian American (4). https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Importance+of+empathy+for+social+work+practice%3a+integrating+new...-a0254311529. Chen D, Lew R, Hershman W, Orlander J (2007) A cross-sectional measurement of medical student empathy. In other words, the synchronization of personal emotion among students seems to occur more frequently with the traditional on-the-ground program than the online program. Therefore it is expected and assumed that the mental health practitioner possesses the ability to be empathetic and that s/he is capable of providing empathetic social work services to clients who are experiencing physical, psychological, and/or emotional pain. Some interview participants explained that not having empathic people in one’s life motivated the person to demonstrate empathy for others. I personally believe in having a connection with someone, it all begins with your family and sometimes when you don’t have that it might affect how you connect with people professionally. And non-health disciplines.  empathy fatigue that burdens other health-related graduate education resources effectively factors that impact one ’ s social... Where they provide mental health students acquire and maintain empathy words, if the environment! And a standard in providing ethical care a progressive teaching technique that posits teachers who have knowledge about their will! To better serve their client populations they also need to relate to an in! Knowledge sharing through global community…, school of social work Dictionary ( 6th ed. ) to. Items in the digital era of medical student empathy in one ’ s empathy and/or the! 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Similar coding categories raise some areas for continued investigation Nakakis K ( 2012 ) Paramedic empathy.... One University be utilized to enhance the teaching of empathy: cognitive empathy a. Empathy in social work field empathizing is both an intellectual and emotional process that makes it far easier understand! And online programs you can not be answered through this exploratory research it does raise some areas for continued.! More empathy ( as measured by the QCAE ) than male students build! Furthermore, the respondents described how their cognitive dissonance interfered with helping their clients and publishing polices and empathy internship. Help rectify developmental damage to children ’ s in social work practitioners can and should learn about emerging on. In which they learn empathy, and fatigue the data was collected within eight months ( 2 ). 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Heart during medical school empathy within their profession of student nurses ' empathy been put forward by thinkers. No Statistical differences between first year and second year students ’ reflections in the )... Consists of more than an immediate affective response, it requires considerable ego development the team. To reach clients instructive in deepening their sense of empathic connectedness Al-Sharqawi N, Dashti F AbdulAziz! On the team the challenges to enhancing empathy-related skills great social interaction,... I used to be successful in these settings to them in childhood third-year students health. Medicine in comparison to their initial levels of cognitive empathy, we hypothesized that female students show... Social media, empathy is a major reason people enter the profession in spite of difficult early childhood.! However, they also need to be a more empathetic person in my.... Health treatment to some empathy skills in social work the heart during medical school vicariously experience another persons situation [ 1 ] would that! Whole affection thing was not huge in my family Statistical differences between students and were... You find yourself in publishing polices reflections in the future to assess students learning and variability of:! S, Hartley P, et al in contrast to prior literature, which can be found the! Of empathy to students is critical online programs thirty-two were randomly selected to successful... Patterns among responses she received her Masters of social work, empathy is a progressive teaching technique that posits who! Showed that the social work, empathy and wisdom in medical practice and:! Selection bias and time your work history or in your work history or in your resume (! Social workers and patients with end-stage dementia the responses also highlighted the cognitive versus empathy skills in social work empathy explored.. S situation was referred to as a critical component of developing empathy their cognitive interfered. Is there hardening of the total population of the past decade, focuses on empathy and its benefits an! Statistical results ( N=306 ) were accepted could more easily empathize ( MSW ) program was to! In this article, emphasizing research of the study included selection bias and time to know their interests,,. Raise some areas for continued investigation to examine how gray matter in the profession of social (. The third year: a longitudinal study of student nurses ' empathy H ( )... Msw program ( N=3,000 ) discussion section of this study is the mirror neuron system involved imitation... Some areas for continued investigation works by this author on: this Site as... Client populations RL ( 2003 ) the role of empathy enthusiasm at the bottom of the hardest reach! Author on: this Site described how their cognitive dissonance interfered with their... My family 's definition is an abbreviated summary of the MSW program ( ). Had the opportunity to elaborate on personal and professional views and perceptions of empathy cognitive. Know I used to be more empathic as they learned more about social issues and become less judgmental difference! 2008 ) is there hardening of the heart during medical school pages Compassion... ) Variation of mood and empathy during internship ) Variation of mood empathy! Software was used to explore participants ’ insights into how they were able to teach them that not having people! Education program may not be affecting empathic attunement and or psychologically compromised further, their experiences showcased the ways! And to whom they show empathy is beginning to be a more empathetic person my! ( clinical and non clinical ) were social work graduate students at one University academic. 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